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The Twelve Apostles (Victoria)
The Twelve Apostles is a collection of limestone stacks off the shore of the Port Campbell National Park, by the Great Ocean Road in Victoria, Australia. Their proximity to one another has made the site a popular tourist attraction. Currently there are eight apostles left, the ninth one of the stacks collapsed dramatically in July 2005. The name remains significant and spectacular especially in the Australian tourism industry.
==Formation and history==
The apostles were formed by erosion: the harsh and extreme weather conditions from the Southern Ocean gradually eroded the soft limestone to form caves in the cliffs, which then became arches, which in turn collapsed; leaving rock stacks up to 50 metres high. Now because of this erosion there are fewer than ten remaining. The site was known as the ''Sow and Piglets'' until 1922 (Muttonbird Island, near Loch Ard Gorge, was the ''Sow'', and the smaller rock stacks were the ''Piglets'');〔(Twelve Apostles Sign ).〕 after which it was renamed to ''The Apostles'' for tourism purposes. The formation eventually became known as the ''Twelve Apostles'', despite only ever having nine stacks.
In 2002, the Port Campbell Professional Fishermens Association unsuccessfully attempted to block the creation of a proposed marine national park at the Twelve Apostles location, but were satisfied with the later Victorian Government decision not to allow seismic exploration at the same site by Benaris Energy; believing it would harm marine life.
The stacks are susceptible to further erosion from the waves. On 3 July 2005, a 50-metre-tall stack collapsed, leaving eight remaining〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Apostles lose one of their own )〕 (compare the two pictures from 2002 and 2012). On 25 September 2009, it was thought that another of the stacks had fallen, but this was actually one of the smaller stacks of the ''Three Sisters'' formation.〔Hunter, Thomas (28 September 2009). (Sister, not apostle, crumbles into sea ). ''The Age''.〕 The rate of erosion at the base of the limestone pillars is approximately 2 cm per year.〔((''At a destructive rate of 2-3 cm per year'') )〕 Due to wave action eroding the cliff face existing headlands are expected to become new limestone stacks in the future.〔Porter, Geoff (2006). ''Little Bites of Australia.'' Pegasus Elliot Mackenzie Pu. p. 203.〕
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